A bug with macOS quarantine corrupts the file when being opened for the first time. To avoid this issue, the computer's privacy and security settings must be changed to allow applications downloaded from anywhere to be opened:

Under "Privacy & Security", "Security", click "Allow applications downloaded from:" radio button "Anywhere".

This setting will produce a warning prompt for files downloaded from the internet rather than blocking their execution, thereby avoiding the corruption bug. If this setting does not appear, open a terminal and enter the following line:

sudo spctl --master-disable

This will enable the “Anywhere” setting. Make sure to reload the privacy & security section afterwards and check that it is enabled. You might need to redownload the file after making this change.

Additionally, move the file after downloading it to a new directory. There are sometimes errors with the metadata of the downloaded file that cause them to crash if it is run in the same directory where it was first downloaded. Either of these two fixes could allow the executable to function properly.